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The refractory metal vanadium

It is one of the most important alloying elements that allows to obtain high-quality durable materials. The page contains a description of this metal: physical, chemical properties, application areas, grades, and product types.

Basic information

Vanadium (V) is a chemical element of the fifth group of Mendeleev’s periodic table. Its atomic number is 23, atomic mass is 50.94. The silver-tinted metal, which looks like steel, belongs to the class of refractory metals. It has a density of 6.11 g/cm3, its melting point is 1887 °C, boiling point is 3377 °C. It has good strength and plasticity.

The described chemical element belongs to rare refractory metals. It is completely dispersed and does not form its own minerals. The main sources of vanadium production are iron ores containing V as an impurity.

History of discovery

Vanadium was discovered for the first time by the Mexican scientist Professor of Mineralogy Andres Manuel Del Rio and was named "erythronium". However, this discovery was not recognized by the European scientific world. The discovery of a new chemical element was announced again by the Swedish chemist Nils Sefstrom, who found it in iron ore.

Vanadium properties

Physical properties


Property Value
Atomic number 23
Atomic mass, u 50,94
Atom radius, pm 134
Density, g/cm³ 6,11
Molar heat capacity, J/(K·m) 24,95
Thermal conductivity, W/(m·K) 30,7
Melting point, °C 1887
Boiling point, °C 3377
Heat of fusion, kJ/mol 17,5
Heat of evaporation, kJ/mol 460
Molar volume, cm³/mol 8,35
Group of metals Refractory metal

Chemical properties


Property Value
Covalent radius, pm 122
Ion radius, pm (+5e) 59 (+3e) 74
Electronegativity (according to Pauling) 1,63
Electrode potential, V 0
Oxidation degrees 5, 4, 3, 2, 0

Vanadium and its alloys grades

Both pure metal and alloys based on it are used in industrial production.
  • VEL-1, VEL-2, VEL-3, - pure vanadium containing up to 99.84% of V, obtained by electrolytic method; supplied as a powder.
  • VnM-1, VnM-2 - pure V in the form of ingots obtained by electric arc melting; the content of V is up to 99.34% and 99.04%, accordingly.
  • VnP-1, VnP-2 - pure vanadium in the form of rods of round section.
  • VnPr-1, VnPr-2 - pure V in the form of wire.
  • VnPl-1, VnPl-2 - pure V in the form of flat bars.
  • VV-8 is a vanadium-tungsten alloy with 6-8% of W.

Advantages / disadvantages

    Advantages:
  • it has a high melting point;
  • it has good technological and mechanical properties - good plasticity and weldability, strength;
  • it has a lower cost compared to other metals with similar characteristics.
    Disadvantages:
  • a relatively small percentage of the content in the earth's crust.

Vanadium application areas

Vanadium and its compounds are used in a variety of industrial sectors, but the largest volume of them is in demand for the needs of the metallurgical and chemical industries.

The main share of global vanadium consumption – approximately 87% – is accounted for by the metallurgical industry (80% + 7% - ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, accordingly). The considered metal is mainly used for alloying high-quality structural steels in order to optimize their operating characteristics. According to statistics, V is currently the world leader among alloying elements.

Vanadium has a high chemical activity, which determines the possibility of its use in various industrial sectors, including chemical. For the needs of the chemical industry, many compounds of this metal are used, primarily vanadium acid salts (vanadates), vanadium oxides and carbides. Specific examples of the V use are the production of dyes and the obtaining of catalysts. The advantage of vanadium in the production of high-quality tools made of various chromium-vanadium steels is undeniable.

Vanadium products

Modern industrial production offers a wide range of standard products that are actively used in various areas: vanadium rod and wire from round rolled products, vanadium sheet and flat bar from flat rolled products. The initial raw materials include ingots and vanadium powder, which occupy a fundamental place in the chain of production from this metal.

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